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Firmware
In brief
Firmware is software permanently stored in a device that directly controls its hardware, such as the BIOS or UEFI of a PC, the controller of an SSD or the operating system of a router. It resides in a separate memory chip and starts before all other programs. In IT asset disposition, firmware matters because it executes erase commands, stores locks such as passwords and, in network devices or printers, can itself contain configuration and customer data.
What is firmware?
The term combines "firm" (fixed) and "software". Firmware sits between hardware and higher-level software. Examples:
- PC and notebook: BIOS or UEFI starts the device and manages settings such as the boot order.
- Hard drive and SSD: The controller manages sectors, error correction and, for SSDs, the distribution of write operations.
- Network devices: Routers, switches and firewalls often work entirely with their firmware.
- Printers and smartphones: Control of the print unit, radio module and security functions.
Manufacturers distribute firmware updates to fix bugs and security vulnerabilities. Unlike application software, firmware is rarely replaced but usually only updated.
Firmware when decommissioning
Many secure erasure methods run in the firmware of the data carrier itself, such as ATA Secure Erase, Sanitize or Crypto Erase. Software issues the command, the firmware executes it. More on this at Firmware-based erasure. At the same time, firmware can store locks, such as a BIOS passwordthat blocks further use. In network equipment and printers, access credentials, VPN keys or address books are often located in the device memory and must be erased before handover. Which methods suit data carriers is shown by the guide Securely erasing hard drives and SSDs. Second IT erases with Blancco, including hidden areas such as HPA and DCO, and issues a digitally signed erasure certificate per device.
Frequently asked questions about firmware
What is the difference between firmware and software?
Firmware is permanently stored in a device and directly controls its hardware. Software in the narrower sense runs on an operating system and is easier to install or remove.
Does a factory reset also erase data in the firmware?
That depends on the device. On routers and printers, a factory reset often restores the configuration but does not replace proof. Check the manufacturer's information and document the result.
Should the firmware be updated before erasure?
Sometimes yes, if older firmware versions implement erase commands incorrectly. Professional erasure software checks supported commands and the result.
What is a BIOS password?
A BIOS password is a password stored in the computer's firmware that blocks access to settings or system startup. It can block further use of a device. Resetting the operating system usually does not remove it.
What data is on routers and printers?
In network devices and printers, access credentials, VPN keys or address books are often located in the device memory. This data must be erased before handover. Check the manufacturer's information and document the result.
Erase data carriers and devices securely – with a certificate per device.
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